Pulmonary Effects of Chlorine-Containing Polymer Pyrolysis Products

Abstract

Background: Thermal degradation of chlorine-containing polymeric materials during fires and industrial accidents releases highly toxic aerosols composed of hydrogen chloride, phosgene, chlorinated organic compounds, and fine particulate matter. These products pose a severe risk of acute pulmonary injury.

Methods: An experimental study was conducted on laboratory animals exposed in inhalation chambers under varying pyrolysis temperature conditions of polyvinyl chloride and chloroprene rubbers. Assessments included respiratory function parameters, blood gas composition, bronchoalveolar lavage analysis (cell counts, protein levels, lactate dehydrogenase activity), histological and electron microscopy of lung tissue, and measurement of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress markers.

Results: Exposure to pyrolysis products induced acute toxic damage to the respiratory tract and alveolar-capillary membrane. Early findings included bronchial epithelial desquamation, pronounced interstitial and alveolar edema, massive neutrophil infiltration, and surfactant system disruption, leading to severe hypoxemia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Long-term outcomes involved focal pneumosclerosis and obliterative bronchiolitis.

Conclusion: Chlorine-containing pyrolysis products exhibit high aggressiveness, causing combined chemical burns and chemical pneumonitis. Early pathogenetic therapy aimed at membrane protection, oxidative stress suppression, and prevention of pulmonary fibrosis is essential to mitigate long-term consequences.